重庆烟区硅酸盐细菌的分离鉴定及生理生化特性

采用土壤稀释平板法从重庆市彭水县的植烟土壤样品中分离出8株具有解钾能力的细菌,通过测定其对含钾矿石中有效钾的释放能力,筛选出两株具有较强的解钾能力的硅酸盐细菌,运用分子生物学方法对这两株硅酸盐细菌的16~23S rDNA序列进行扩增并鉴定。结果表明,一株细菌属于胶质类芽孢杆菌(Paenibacillus mucilaginosus),另一株细菌属于短短芽孢杆菌(Brevibacillus brevis),并且研究了这两株细菌的生理生化特性。     

Variations of SOC and MBC observed in an incubated brown loam soil managed under different tillage systems for 12 years

To assess changes in organic carbon pools, an incubation experiment was conducted under different temperatures and field moisture capacity (FMC) on a brown loam soil from three tillage practices used for 12 years: no‐till (NT), subsoiling (ST) and conventional tillage (CT). Total microbial respiration was measured for incubated soil with and without the input of straw. Results indicated that soil organic carbon (SOC) and microbial biomass carbon (MBC) under ST, NT and CT was higher in soil with straw input than that without, while the microbial quotient (MQ or MBC: SOC) and metabolic quotient (qCO₂) content under CT followed the opposite trend. Lower temperature, lower moisture and with straw input contributed to the increases in SOC concentration, especially under NT and ST systems. The SOC concentrations under ST, with temperatures of 30 and 35°C after incubation at 55% FMC, were greater than those under CT by 28.4% and 30.6%, respectively. The increase in MBC was highest at 35°C for 55%, 65% and 75% FMC; in soil under ST, MBC was greater than that under CT by 199.3%, 50.7% and 23.8%, respectively. At 30°C, the lower qCO₂ was obtained in soil incubated under NT and ST. The highest MQ among three tillage practices was measured under ST at 55% FMC, NT at 65% FMC and CT at 75% FMC with straw input. These data indicate the benefits of enhancing the MQ; the low FMC was beneficial to ST treatment. Under higher temperature and drought stress conditions, the adaptive capacity of ST and NT is better than that of CT.     

A型流感病毒分型基因芯片在流感病毒各亚型监测中的应用

为验证自行研制的A型流感病毒分型基因芯片方法在实际中的应用效果,了解A型流感病毒各亚型在我国不同地区和不同宿主中的分布情况,对我国20个地区、不同宿主源(鸡、鸭、鹌鹑、鸽子、猪、人等)拭子和组织样品共16 852份进行了检测。利用自行研制的A型流感病毒分型基因芯片方法,对样品进行RNA提取、多重不对称RT-PCR扩增、芯片杂交、洗涤和扫描分析;同时将基因芯片检测阳性的样品,用普通RT-PCR扩增后进行序列测定。结果显示:利用该方法检出阳性样品2 582份,总检出率为15.32%(2 582/16 852),共检测到H1N1、H2N9、H3N2、H4N6、H5N1、H7N1、H7N9、H9N2、H10N5、H16N3等10个亚型,且均与阳性样品测序结果一致。结果表明,该方法可准确检测不同地区、不同宿主中的A型流感病毒不同亚型。同时,该方法能在同一张芯片上准确鉴定A型流感病毒的多种亚型,解决了其他常规方法无法检测已发现和可能发生变异的所有亚型的棘手问题,从而为A型流感诊断和分子流行病学监测提供了一种新技术。     

长江流域棉花减量简化一次性施肥技术研究

针对棉花常规施肥技术存在的施肥次数多、技术复杂、用量大、利用率低、中后期土壤追肥操作不便、施肥易受天气影响等问题，研究了主栽棉花品种营养特性，研制了易降解棉花专用缓控释肥缓控释包膜新材料、系列配方，创新了生产工艺，研制的专用缓控释肥实现了棉花减量简化一次性施肥，变革了棉花施肥技术，解决了常规技术中施肥集中期与干旱雨涝等灾害高发期重叠导致的无法追肥或肥害、从而减产的重大难题。与等养分常规施肥相比，应用该技术棉花单产增加 3.8%～14.1%、增效10.1%～25.5%；减少施肥用工50%以上，等产量情况下单位面积减少施肥11.2%～52.3%。以棉花减量简化一次性施肥为核心技术，建立了棉花绿色轻简高效栽培技术体系。     

Development and Application of Cotton InDel Markers Based on High Throughput Sequencing

[Objective] Dimorphic InDel markers can be used for cotton variety identification and purity detection, to improve the accuracy and efficiency of cotton seed testing, and to play a role in molecular breeding of cotton. [Method] Based on the whole genome sequencing of 121 cotton varieties from different sources, the InDel markers with high polymorphism were developed according to polymorphism information content(PIC) and were applied in the genetic distance analysis and cluster analysis by using 66 cotton varieties in China. [Result] Totally 10 967 InDel were identified based on the next generation sequencing data of 121 cotton varieties. Among the 85 pairs of InDel primers synthesized, 64 were selected including 35 from At group and 29 from Dt group. The minimum average allelic frequency(MAF) of At and Dt chromosomes were 0.45 and 0.32, respectively, while the PIC were 0.49 and 0.40, respectively. The genetic distances of the 66 cotton varieties ranged from 0.04 to 0.65 centimorgan (cM), with an average of 0.39 cM. The two varieties with the largest genetic distance were Simian 3 and CCRI 36, and the two varieties with the smallest genetic distance were Xumian 18 and Xuza 3. [Conclusion] The 64 cotton dimorphic InDel markers can effectively reveal the relationships among varieties based on the genetic distance, and distinguish cotton varieties from different sources, which has certain theoretical significance and application value.     

山西云顶山亚高山草甸优势种种间关系分析

为揭示山西云顶山亚高山草甸植物群落优势种的种间关系,本研究通过种间联结性和相关性测定,对其植物群落13个优势种78个种对的种间关系进行研究。结果表明:13个优势种间大部分种对的种间关联不显著,种间联结不紧密,说明山西云顶山亚高山草甸植物群落结构不很稳定,存在一定程度的生态退化风险;多数原生优势种在群落中占据主要位置,同时也出现少数非原生优势种优势明显,有逐渐取代典型原生优势种的逆行演替趋势,这是由于人类频繁的旅游扰动所致。因此,应当合理的控制旅游开发强度与游客数量,保持亚高山草甸生态系统的稳定与自我维持,以持续高效的维持云顶山亚高山草甸的经济及生态价值。     

基于Kjeldahl与Dumas方法的农作物秸秆总氮含量分析

凯氏定氮法(Kjeldahl)与杜马斯燃烧法(Dumas)是测定农业生物质总氮含量的主要检测手段,但二者的测定结果数值存在差异。该研究获取农作物秸秆样本(水稻、小麦、玉米、油菜和棉花)共计1 179个,分别采用Kjeldahl和Dumas方法测定总氮(TKN和TCN,total Kjeldahl nitrogen and total combustion nitroyen)含量,通过多种统计与分析方法,系统分析比较了不同农作物秸秆总氮含量及其分布的异同和相关关系。结果表明:不同农作物秸秆氮含量分布均呈非正态分布,建议采用中位数统计;5种秸秆总体的TKN质量分数为(7.12±1.87) g/kg,TCN质量分数为(8.00±2.13) g/kg,TKN含量显著小于TCN含量;小麦和棉花秸秆的TKN含量和TCN含量与其他秸秆间均存在显著差异(P <0.05);不同生物质TKN含量与TCN含量关系不同,建议采用最小中位数二乘法进行拟合分析。研究结果可为农作物秸秆科学利用提供数据及方法互通性支撑。     

茭鸭共作对茭白产量和品质的影响

为给茭白与鸭共作系统中适宜放养鸭密度提供参考依据,本研究通过大田试验,比较了茭白单作、茭白田放鸭300、375、450只/hm~2条件下茭白的生物学性状、产量和品质。结果表明:茭鸭共作能显著提高茭白后期叶片数、干物重及产量,并延缓茭白后期叶片衰败。放鸭密度从375只/hm~2增加至450只/hm~2时,茭白后期叶片衰败加快,且茭白产量不再增加。茭鸭共作显著提高茭白蛋白质、维生素C和氨基酸含量。茭鸭共作系统灌溉养殖池塘富营养化水4500 m~3/hm~2时,输入的N、P、K相当于99.75 kg尿素、38.25 kg过磷酸钙和83.55 kg氯化钾的养分含量。本试验条件下,茭白常规种植密度27795株/hm~2,田间适宜放鸭密度为375只/hm~2,可显著提高茭白产量及品质。     

不同来源吸附载体大豆糖蜜对奶牛瘤胃内环境的影响

为考察不同来源吸附载体大豆糖蜜对奶牛瘤胃内环境的影响,采用3×3拉丁方试验设计,选用3头年龄相同(3胎次)、体重相近[(500±50)kg]且安装永久性瘤胃瘘管的中国荷斯坦奶牛为试验动物,分别饲喂基础日粮、豆皮糖蜜和麸皮糖蜜日粮。结果表明,豆皮糖蜜组和麸皮糖蜜组瘤胃pH均极显著高于对照组(P0.01),而豆皮糖蜜组和麸皮糖蜜组之间瘤胃pH没有显著差异(P0.05);麸皮糖蜜组瘤胃NH_3-N浓度显著低于对照组(P0.05),但与豆皮糖蜜组没有显著差异(P0.05);各处理间奶牛瘤胃各单个挥发性脂肪酸(volatile fatty acid,VFA,包括乙酸、丙酸、异丁酸、丁酸、异戊酸和戊酸)浓度、总VFA浓度和乙丙比均没有显著差异(P0.05);但与对照组相比,豆皮糖蜜组瘤胃总VFA浓度有降低趋势;而麸皮糖蜜组瘤胃总VFA浓度有提高趋势。结果显示,在奶牛饲料中可用豆皮糖蜜替代15%玉米以及用麸皮糖蜜替代6%玉米和10%麸皮,均具有调控瘤胃稳衡的作用,且麸皮糖蜜替代效果优于豆皮糖蜜。     

基于合成法的定位误差的分析与计算

为保证机床夹具设计的可靠性,定位误差的计算是机床夹具设计过程中必不可少的重要环节之一。为此从定位误差的产生机理出发,介绍了定位误差的概念、产生原因,并给出计算公式,有助于快速实现定位误差的求解。